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Substitution of steel spring by S-Ply® leaf spring   Due to their  greater spring action, steel spring packages can be replaced by fewer or even one S-Ply® leaf spring for many applications.   Example:   a) Substitution   b) Cost calculation   Steel leaf spring: 155 x 25 x 2 mm 1 package of 10 springs   S-Ply® leaf spring: It is essential:   with: hS-Ply = Thickness of S-Ply® spring hStahl = Thickness of steel spring nStahl = Amount of steel springs EStahl = Modulus of elasticity (here 210.000 N/mm2) ES-Ply = Modulus of elasticity of S-Ply® leaf spring (here 28.000 N/mm2)   The result is that 10 steel leaf springs with a thickness of 2 mm each can be replaced by only 1 S-Ply® leaf spring with the thickness of 8,5 mm. Steel leaf spring* 10 pieces at 1,20 € = 12,00 € Intermediate package layers 18 pieces at 0,12 € = 2,16 € Total costs 14,16 € * purchase quantity > 1000 pieces, status 2009   S-Ply® leaf spring** 1 pc. at 4,13 € = 4,13 € shim plates (if applicable) 4 pc. at 0,12 € = 0,48